References

  • Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, Gawande AA. An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data. Lancet. 2008 Jul 12;372(9633):139-44.
  • Pearse RM, Harrison DA, James P, Watson D, Hinds C, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED. Identification and characterisation of the high-risk surgical population in the United Kingdom. Crit Care. 2006;10(3).
  • Moonesinghe SR, Harris S, Mythen MG, Rowan KM, Haddad FS, Emberton M, Grocott MP. Survival after postoperative morbidity: a longitudinal observational cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Dec;113(6):977-84.
  • Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried W, Meyerhardt J, Courneya KS, Schwartz AL, Bandera EV, Hamilton KK, Grant B, McCullough M, Byers T, Gansler T. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):243-74.
  • Boney O, Bell M, Bell N, Conquest A, Cumbers M, Drake S, Galsworthy M, Gath J, Grocott MP, Harris E, Howell S, Ingold A, Nathanson MH, Pinkney T, Metcalf L. Identifying research priorities in anaesthesia and perioperative care: final report of the joint National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia/James Lind Alliance Research Priority Setting Partnership. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 16;5(12).
  • Dugdill L, Graham RC, McNair F. Exercise referral: the public health panacea for physical activity promotion? A critical perspective of exercise referral schemes; their development and evaluation. Ergonomics. 2005 Sep 15-Nov 15;48(11-14):1390-410 708.
  • Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, Skidmore B, Stone JA, Thompson DR, Oldridge N. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004 May 15;116(10):682-92.
  • McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy K, Murphy E, Lacasse Y. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 23;(2).
  • Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Apr;98(4):1154-62.
  • Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Aug 5;11(9):607-15.
  • Riario-Sforza GG, Incorvaia C, Paterniti F, Pessina L, Caligiuri R, Pravettoni C, Di Marco F, Centanni S. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on exercise capacity in patients with COPD: a number needed to treat study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:315-9.
  • Sandercock G, Hurtado V, Cardoso F. Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness in cardiac rehabilitation patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Aug 10;167(3):894-902.
  • Fong DY, Ho JW, Hui BP, Lee AM, Macfarlane DJ, Leung SS, Cerin E, Chan WY, Leung IP, Lam SH, Taylor AJ, Cheng KK. Physical activity for cancer survivors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012 Jan 30;344:e70.
  • Kemi OJ, Wisloff U. High-intensity aerobic exercise training improves the heart in health and disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2010 Jan-Feb;30(1):2-11.
  • Ries AL, Bauldoff GS, Carlin BW, Casaburi R, Emery CF, Mahler DA, Make B, Rochester CL, Zuwallack R, Herrerias C. Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Joint ACCP/AACVPR Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2007 May;131(5 Suppl):4S-42S.
  • Swank AM, Kachelman JB, Bibeau W, Quesada PM, Nyland J, Malkani A, Topp RV. Prehabilitation before total knee arthroplasty increases strength and function in older adults with severe osteoarthritis. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Feb;25(2):318-25.
  • Santa Mina D, Scheede-Bergdahl C, Gillis C, Carli F. Optimization of surgical outcomes with prehabilitation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015 Sep;40(9):966-9.
  • West MA, Loughney L, Lythgoe D, Barben CP, Sripadam R, Kemp GJ, Grocott MP, Jack S. Effect of prehabilitation on objectively measured physical fitness after neoadjuvant treatment in preoperative rectal cancer patients: a blinded interventional pilot study. Br J Anaesth. 2015 Feb;114(2):244-51.
  • Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Porock DC, McDaniel R, Nielsen PJ. A meta-analysis of exercise interventions among people treated for cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2006 Jul;14(7):699-712.
  • Speck RM, Courneya KS, Mâsse LC, Duval S, Schmitz KH. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv. 2010 Jun;4(2):87-100.
  • Baumann FT, Zopf EM, Bloch W. Clinical exercise interventions in prostate cancer patients--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2012 Feb;20(2):221-33.
  • Burke S, West M, Grocott M, Brunet J, Jack S. Exploring the experience of adhering to a prescribed pre-surgical exercise program for patients with advanced rectal cancer: A phenomenological study Support Care Cancer. 2013, 21:3345-3353.
  • Moran J, Wilson F, Guinan E, McCormick P, Hussey J, Moriarty J. Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing as a risk-assessment method in patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2016 Feb;116(2):177-91.
  • O'Doherty AF, West M, Jack S, Grocott MP. Preoperative aerobic exercise training in elective intra-cavity surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth. 2013 May;110(5):679-89.
  • Loughney L, West MA, Kemp GJ, Grocott MP, Jack S. Exercise intervention in people with cancer undergoing neoadjuvant cancer treatment and surgery: A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2016 Jan;42(1):28-38.
  • Loughney L, West MA, Kemp GJ, Grocott MP, Jack S. Exercise intervention in people with cancer undergoing adjuvant cancer treatment following surgery: A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015 Dec;41(12):1590-602.
  • Jack S, West M, Grocott MP. Perioperative exercise training in elderly subjects. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2011 Sep;25(3):461-72.
  • Jack S, West MA, Raw D, Marwood S, Ambler G, Cope TM, Shrotri M, Sturgess RP, Calverley PM, Ottensmeier CH, Grocott MP. The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on physical fitness and survival in patients undergoing oesophagogastric cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014 Oct;40(10):1313-20.
  • West MA, Loughney L, Barben CP, Sripadam R, Kemp GJ, Grocott MP, Jack S. The effects of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on physical fitness and morbidity in rectal cancer surgery patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2014 Nov;40(11):1421-8.
  • Gilliam LA, St Clair DK. Chemotherapy-induced weakness and fatigue in skeletal muscle: the role of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Nov 1;15(9):2543-63.
  • Gilliam LA, Moylan JS, Patterson EW, Smith JD, Wilson AS, Rabbani Z, Reid MB. Doxorubicin acts via mitochondrial ROS to stimulate catabolism in C2C12 myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Jan 1;302(1):C195-202.
  • West MA, Loughney L, Lythgoe D, Barben CP, Adams VL, Bimson WE, Grocott MP, Jack S, Kemp GJ. The effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on whole-body physical fitness and skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vivo in locally advanced rectal cancer patients--an observational pilot study. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 5;9(12):e111526.
  • Smuder AJ, Kavazis AN, Min K, Powers SK. Exercise protects against doxorubicin-induced markers of autophagy signaling in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011 Oct;111(4):1190-8.
  • Higgins KA, Park D, Lee GY, Curran WJ, Deng X. Exercise-induced lung cancer regression: Mechanistic findings from a mouse model. Cancer. 2014;120(21):3302-10.
  • Jones LW, Eves ND, Peppercorn J. Pre-exercise screening and prescription guidelines for cancer patients. Lancet Oncol. 2010 Oct;11(10).
  • Dimeo F, Schwartz S, Fietz T, Wanjura T, Böning D, Thiel E. Effects of endurance training on the physical performance of patients with hematological malignancies during chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2003 Oct;11(10):623-8.
  • Persoon S, Kersten MJ, Chinapaw MJ, Buffart LM, Burghout H, Schep G, Brug J, Nollet F. Design of the EXercise Intervention after Stem cell Transplantation (EXIST) study: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualized high intensity physical exercise program on fitness and fatigue in patients with multiple myeloma or (non-) Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. BMC Cancer. 2010 Dec 6;10:671.
  • Weston M, Weston KL, Prentis JM, Snowden CP. High-intensity interval training (HIT) for effective and time-efficient pre-surgical exercise interventions. Perioper Med (Lond). 2016 Jan 14;5:2.
  • McKay BR, Paterson DH, Kowalchuk JM. Effect of short-term high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on O2 uptake kinetics, muscle deoxygenation, and exercise performance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2009 Jul;107(1):128-38.
  • Thompson PD, Arena R, Riebe D, Pescatello LS; American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, ninth edition. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013 Jul-Aug;12(4):215-7.
  • Trost SG, Owen N, Bauman AE, Sallis JF, Brown W. Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Dec;34(12):1996-2001.
  • Roxburgh CS, McMillan DC. Role of systemic inflammatory response in predicting survival in patients with primary operable cancer. Future Oncol. 2010 Jan;6(1):149-63.
  • Roxburgh CS, Horgan PG, McMillan DC. The perioperative immune/inflammatory insult in cancer surgery: Time for intervention? Oncoimmunology. 2013 Dec 1;2(12).
  • Loughney L, West MA, Kemp GJ, Rossiter HB, Burke SM, Cox T, Barben CP, Mythen MG, Calverley P, Palmer DH, Grocott MP, Jack S. The effects of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and an in-hospital exercise training programme on physical fitness and quality of life in locally advanced rectal cancer patients (The EMPOWER Trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2016 Jan 13;17:24.
  • Warburton DE, McKenzie DC, Haykowsky MJ, Taylor A, Shoemaker P, Ignaszewski AP, Chan SY. Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005 May 1;95(9):1080-4.
  • Hansen D, Dendale P, Jonkers RA, Beelen M, Manders RJ, Corluy L, Mullens A, Berger J, Meeusen R, van Loon LJ. Continuous low- to moderate-intensity exercise training is as effective as moderate- to high-intensity exercise training at lowering blood HbA(1c) in obese type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetologia. 2009 Sep;52(9):1789-97.
  • Coppoolse R, Schols AM, Baarends EM, Mostert R, Akkermans MA, Janssen PP, Wouters EF. Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 1999 Aug;14(2):258-63.
  • Beauchamp MK, Nonoyama M, Goldstein RS, Hill K, Dolmage TE, Mathur S, Brooks D. Interval versus continuous training in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease--a systematic review. Thorax. 2010 Feb;65(2):157-64.
  • Varga J, Porszasz J, Boda K, Casaburi R, Somfay A. Supervised high intensity continuous and interval training vs. self-paced training in COPD. Respir Med. 2007 Nov;101(11):2297-304
  • Christensen JF, Andersen JL, Adamsen L, Lindegaard B, Mackey AL, Nielsen RH, Rørth M, Daugaard G. Progressive resistance training and cancer testis (PROTRACT) - efficacy of resistance training on muscle function, morphology and inflammatory profile in testicular cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 2011 Aug 1;11:326.
  • Peddle-McIntyre CJ, Bell G, Fenton D, McCargar L, Courneya KS. Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of progressive resistance exercise training in lung cancer survivors. Lung Cancer. 2012 Jan;75(1):126-32.
  • Kothmann E, Batterham AM, Owen SJ, Turley AJ, Cheesman M, Parry A, Danjoux G. Effect of short-term exercise training on aerobic fitness in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Oct;103(4):505-10.
  • Tew GA, Weston M, Kothmann E, Batterham AM, Gray J, Kerr K, Martin D, Nawaz S, Yates D, Danjoux G. High-intensity interval exercise training before abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (HIT-AAA): protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial. BMJ Open. 2014 Jan 10;4(1)
  • Gillis C, Li C, Lee L, Awasthi R, Augustin B, Gamsa A, Liberman AS, Stein B, Charlebois P, Feldman LS, Carli F. Prehabilitation versus rehabilitation: a randomized control trial in patients undergoing colorectal resection for cancer. Anesthesiology. 2014 Nov;121(5):937-47.
  • Bravo G, Gauthier P, Roy PM, Payette H, Dubois MF, Harvey M, et al. Comparison of a group- versus a home-based exercise program in osteopenic women. J Aging Phys Act 1996;4(2):151-64.